Hydrogen Production Project in Chilean Atacama Desert Poses Threat to Astronomical Research

A massive initiative aimed at hydrogen production in Chile's Atacama Desert is raising concerns about its potential impact on one of the world's premier astronomical sites. Chile has established itself as a global hub for observatories, but ongoing green hydrogen projects may jeopardize the pristine conditions necessary for astronomical observations.

The construction of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), projected to be the largest telescope in the world, currently dominates the landscape. With a height exceeding that of the Colosseum in Rome and construction costs surpassing one billion Swiss francs, this marvel of engineering is expected to enhance our understanding of the cosmos. However, experts are warning that the hydrogen production facility, planned just 20 kilometers from the ELT site, could compromise its functionality even before it becomes operational.

Chiara Mazzucchelli, President of the Chilean Society for Astronomy, has expressed serious concerns regarding the implications of the hydrogen project. During a recent presentation at Diego Portales University in Santiago, she highlighted that the anticipated light emissions from the facility could obstruct the telescope's ability to capture clear images of celestial bodies.

The proposed hydrogen production site, covering an area of 30 square kilometers, would harness solar energy to generate green hydrogen. Mazzucchelli argues that such developments could render the ELT ineffective, directly contradicting efforts to bolster Chile's position as a leader in astronomical research. President Gabriel Boric has previously referred to Chile as the 'World Capital of Astronomy,' emphasizing the government's commitment to maintaining the country's status in this field.

Chile's unique geographical features, including extreme aridity, high altitudes of up to 5600 meters, and minimal light pollution, create ideal conditions for astronomical research. In recognition of these factors, the Chilean government enacted new regulations last year to mitigate light pollution near observatories, including restrictions on nighttime advertising lights and specific guidelines for street lighting.

This proactive approach has attracted 17 international observatories for research purposes, with eight additional installations planned for the end of the decade. Authorities project that by then, Chile will host 70% of the world's astronomical observation capacity. Notably, Swiss and German research institutions are contributing to this growth.

The burgeoning astronomy sector is also beneficial for the Chilean economy. The government mandates that 10% of the observation time from international observatories be allocated to local research institutions, thereby enhancing domestic scientific capabilities and attracting students and researchers worldwide.

While many international researchers, like Sara Vitali, have chosen to pursue their studies in Chile due to direct access to observatories, they also face challenges. Vitali noted that the lack of social security and an overwhelmed public health system are significant issues for those pursuing academic careers in the country.

Despite the challenges, there is a strong emphasis on collaboration and knowledge transfer between local and international researchers. Public outreach events, such as astronomy festivals and open house days at research institutes, engage thousands of Chileans each year, fostering a community interested in astronomy.

However, the introduction of the hydrogen project raises critical questions about the future of Chile's astronomical endeavors. Researchers have expressed concerns that the government has not adequately addressed the potential negative consequences of the hydrogen facility. In response to growing pressure, a bill was presented in March 2025 to safeguard observatories from light pollution and preserve the integrity of astronomical research.

International support for this cause has emerged, including remarks from German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier during his visit to Chile, where he stressed the importance of protecting the region's astronomical sites from light emissions.

In light of the increasing scrutiny, the Chilean government recently announced the formation of a committee tasked with developing regulations to better protect observatories from light pollution. This initiative reflects the urgency of the situation, with plans to implement new regulations by January 2026.

Currently, an environmental assessment for the hydrogen project is underway. Following this process, a ministerial vote will determine whether the project can proceed based on public feedback and environmental analyses. Approval could signal a significant setback for Chile's astronomical sector.